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Im the Wolf Baby Howlin at the Moon

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American blues creative person

Howlin' Wolf
Performing in 1972

Performing in 1972
Background data
Birth proper noun Chester Arthur Burnett
Born (1910-06-x)June x, 1910
White Station, Mississippi, U.Due south.
Died January 10, 1976(1976-01-10) (anile 65)
Hines, Illinois
Genres
  • Dejection
  • Chicago blues
  • electric blues
Occupation(s)
  • Musician
  • songwriter
  • bandleader
Instruments
  • Vocals
  • guitar
  • harmonica
Years active 1930s–1976
Labels
  • RPM
  • Chess

Musical artist

Chester Arthur Burnett (June 10, 1910 – Jan x, 1976), known professionally equally Howlin' Wolf, was a Chicago blues vocaliser, guitarist, and harmonica histrion. Originally from Mississippi, he moved to Chicago in adulthood and became successful, forming a professional rivalry with swain bluesman Muddy Waters. With a booming voice and imposing physical presence, he is one of the best-known Chicago dejection artists.

The musician and critic Cub Koda noted, "no one could lucifer Howlin' Wolf for the singular ability to rock the business firm down to the foundation while simultaneously scaring its patrons out of its wits."[1] Producer Sam Phillips recalled, "When I heard Howlin' Wolf, I said, 'This is for me. This is where the soul of man never dies.'"[2] Several of his songs, including "Smokestack Lightnin'", "Killing Flooring" and "Spoonful", have become blues and blues rock standards. In 2011, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 54 on its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".[3]

Early life [edit]

Chester Arthur Burnett was built-in on June 10, 1910, in White Station, Mississippi[iv] to Gertrude Jones and Leon "Dock" Burnett.[5] He would subsequently say that his father was "Ethiopian", while Jones had Choctaw ancestry on her father'south side.[v] He was named for Chester A. Arthur, the 21st President of the U.s..[4] His physique garnered him the nicknames "Big Pes Chester" and "Balderdash Cow" as a fellow: he was 6 anxiety three inches (191 cm) tall and often weighed shut to 300 pounds (136 kg).

The name "Howlin' Wolf" originated from Burnett's maternal grandfather, who would admonish him for killing his grandmother's chicks from reckless squeezing by alert him that wolves in the expanse would come and get him; the family would continue this past calling Burnett "the Wolf".[v] The dejection historian Paul Oliver wrote that Burnett once claimed to have been given his nickname past his idol Jimmie Rodgers.[half-dozen]

Burnett'south parents separated when he was a yr old.[7] Dock, who had worked seasonally equally a farm laborer in the Mississippi Delta, moved there permanently while Jones and Burnett moved to Monroe County.[vii] Jones and Burnett would sing together in the choir of the Life Boat Baptist Church almost Gibson, Mississippi, and Burnett would after merits that he got his musical talent from her.[seven] Jones kicked Burnett out of the firm during the winter when he was a child for unknown reasons.[a] [vii] He so moved in with his great-uncle Will Young, who had a large household and treated him badly.[8] While in the Young household he worked almost all day and did non receive an teaching at the school firm.[9] When he was thirteen, he killed 1 of Young'due south hogs in a rage after the grunter had caused him to ruin his clothes clothes;[ten] this enraged Young who then whipped him while chasing him on a mule.[eleven] He then ran away and claimed to have walked 85 miles (137 km) barefoot to join his male parent, where he finally found a happy home with his father's large family.[12] During this era he went by the name "John D." to dissociate himself from his by, a proper noun past which several of his relatives would know him for the rest of his life.[12] At the peak of his success, he returned from Chicago to see his female parent in Mississippi and was driven to tears when she rebuffed him: she refused to take money offered by him, saying it was from his playing the "devil's music".

Musical career [edit]

1930s and 1940s [edit]

In 1930, Burnett met Charley Patton, the most popular bluesman in the Mississippi Delta at the time. He would listen to Patton play nightly from outside a nearby juke joint. At that place he remembered Patton playing "Pony Blues", "Loftier Water Everywhere", "A Spoonful Blues", and "Banty Rooster Blues". The two became acquainted, and before long Patton was didactics him guitar. Burnett recalled that "the offset slice I always played in my life was... a melody nigh hook up my pony and saddle upwards my black mare"—Patton's "Pony Blues".[13] He likewise learned about showmanship from Patton: "When he played his guitar, he would turn it over backwards and forwards, and throw it around over his shoulders, betwixt his legs, throw information technology up in the sky".[thirteen] Burnett would perform the guitar tricks he learned from Patton for the residual of his life. He played with Patton often in small-scale Delta communities.[14]

Burnett was influenced past other popular blues performers of the time, including the Mississippi Sheiks, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Ma Rainey, Lonnie Johnson, Tampa Scarlet, Bullheaded Blake, and Tommy Johnson. Ii of the earliest songs he mastered were Jefferson's "Lucifer Box Blues" and Leroy Carr'due south "How Long, How Long Blues". The land singer Jimmie Rodgers was also an influence. Burnett tried to emulate Rodgers's "blue yodel" but found that his efforts sounded more than similar a growl or a howl: "I couldn't do no yodelin', then I turned to howlin'. And it'due south done me just fine".[xv] His harmonica playing was modeled after that of Sonny Male child Williamson Two, who taught him how to play when Burnett moved to Parkin, Arkansas, in 1933.[sixteen] [17]

During the 1930s, Burnett performed in the South every bit a solo performer and with numerous blues musicians, including Floyd Jones, Johnny Shines, Honeyboy Edwards, Sonny Male child Williamson II, Robert Johnson, Robert Lockwood, Jr., Willie Brown, Son House and Willie Johnson. By the end of the decade, he was a fixture in clubs, with a harmonica and an early electric guitar.

On April nine, 1941, he was inducted into the U.Southward. Regular army and was stationed at several bases effectually the state. He found information technology difficult to adjust to armed services life, and was discharged at the end of his hitch on November 3, 1943. He returned to his family, which had recently moved most W Memphis, Arkansas, and helped with the farming while likewise performing, as he had washed in the 1930s, with Floyd Jones and others. In 1948 he formed a band, which included the guitarists Willie Johnson and Matt "Guitar" Spud, the harmonica player Junior Parker, a pianist remembered only as "Destruction" and the drummer Willie Steele. Radio station KWEM in West Memphis began broadcasting his alive performances, and he occasionally sat in with Williamson on KFFA in Helena, Arkansas.

1950s [edit]

In 1951, Ike Turner, who was a freelance talent scout, heard Howlin' Wolf in Due west Memphis.[eighteen] Turner brought him to record several songs for Sam Phillips at Memphis Recording Service (afterwards renamed Dominicus Studio) and the Bihari brothers at Modernistic Records.[19] [twenty] [21] Phillips praised his singing, proverb, "God, what it would exist worth on movie to see the fervour in that man'south face up when he sang. His eyes would light up, you'd see the veins come up out on his neck and, buddy, there was nothing on his listen simply that song.[22] He sang with his damn soul." Howlin' Wolf quickly became a local celebrity and began working with a band that included the guitarists Willie Johnson and Pat Hare. Sun Records had not notwithstanding been formed, so Phillips licensed his recording to Chess Records.[23] Howlin' Wolf'south first singles were issued by two unlike record companies in 1951: "Moanin' at Midnight"/"How Many More Years" released on Chess, "Riding in the Moonlight"/"Morning at Midnight," and "Passing By Blues"/"Crying at Daybreak" released on Mod's subsidiary RPM Records.[23] In Dec 1951, Leonard Chess was able to secure Howlin' Wolf'due south contract,[24] and at the urging of Chess, he relocated to Chicago in late 1952.[21] [25]

In Chicago, Howlin' Wolf assembled a new band and recruited the Chicagoan Jody Williams from Memphis Slim'southward ring equally his first guitarist. Within a year he had persuaded the guitarist Hubert Sumlin to leave Memphis and join him in Chicago; Sumlin's understated solos and surprisingly subtle phrasing perfectly complemented Burnett's huge voice. The lineup of the Howlin' Wolf band changed often over the years. He employed many different guitarists, both on recordings and in alive operation, including Willie Johnson, Jody Williams, Lee Cooper, L.D. McGhee, Otis "Big Smokey" Smothers, his blood brother Picayune Smokey Smothers, Jimmy Rogers, Freddie Robinson, and Buddy Guy, among others. Burnett was able to attract some of the best musicians available because of his policy, unusual among bandleaders, of paying his musicians well and on time, even including unemployment insurance and Social Security contributions.[26] With the exception of a couple of brief absences in the late 1950s, Sumlin remained a member of the band for the rest of Howlin' Wolf's career and is the guitarist near often associated with the Chicago Howlin' Wolf sound.

Howlin' Wolf had a series of hits with songs written past Willie Dixon, who had been hired by the Chess brothers in 1950 as a songwriter, and during that period the competition between Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf was intense. Dixon reported "Every in one case in a while Wolf would mention the fact that, 'Hey man, you wrote that song for Muddy. How come you won't write me one like that?' But when you'd write for him he wouldn't like it." And so, Dixon decided to use reverse psychology on him, past introducing the songs to Wolf as written for Muddy, thus inducing Wolf to accept them.

In the 1950s, Howlin' Wolf had five songs on the Billboard national R&B charts: "Moanin' at Midnight", "How Many More Years", "Who Volition Be Next", "Smokestack Lightning", and "I Asked for Water (She Gave Me Gasoline)".[27] His offset LP, Moanin' in the Moonlight, was released in 1959. Every bit was standard practice in that era, it was a collection of previously released singles.

1960s and 1970s [edit]

In the early 1960s, Howlin' Wolf recorded several songs that became his almost famous, despite receiving no radio play: "Wang Dang Doodle", "Back Door Man", "Spoonful", "The Blood-red Rooster" (later known as "Little Ruddy Rooster"), "I Ain't Superstitious", "Goin' Down Tedious", and "Killing Flooring", many of which were written by Willie Dixon. Several became part of the repertoires of British and American rock groups, who further popularized them. Howlin' Wolf'southward second compilation anthology, Howlin' Wolf (often called "the rocking chair album", from its embrace illustration), was released in 1962.

During the dejection revival in the 1950s and 1960s, blackness blues musicians institute a new audition among white youths, and Howlin' Wolf was amidst the first to capitalize on information technology. He toured Europe in 1964 every bit part of the American Folk Blues Festival, produced by the High german promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. In 1965, he appeared on the popular idiot box program Shindig! at the insistence of the Rolling Stones, whose recording of "Little Red Rooster" had reached number ane in the Great britain in 1964. In the belatedly 1960s and early 1970s, Howlin' Wolf recorded albums with others, including The Super Super Blues Band, with Bo Diddley and Dingy Waters; The Howlin' Wolf Album, with psychedelic rock and free-jazz musicians like Gene Barge, Pete Cosey, Roland Faulkner, Morris Jennings, Louis Satterfield, Charles Stepney and Phil Upchurch; and The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions, accompanied by the British rock musicians Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Ian Stewart, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts and others.

The Howlin' Wolf Album, like rival bluesman Muddy Waters'southward album Electric Mud, was designed to appeal to the hippie audience. The album had an attention-getting encompass: large black letters on a white background proclaiming "This is Howlin' Wolf's new anthology. He doesn't like it. He didn't like his electric guitar at first either." The album cover may have contributed to its poor sales. Chess co-founder Leonard Chess admitted that the cover was a bad idea, proverb, "I judge negativity isn't a good way to sell records. Who wants to hear that a musician doesn't like his ain music?"

The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions, like Muddy Waters's London album, proved more successful with British audiences than American.

Wolf'southward last album was 1973's The Dorsum Door Wolf. Entirely composed of new material, it was recorded with musicians who regularly backed him on stage, including Hubert Sumlin, Detroit Junior, Andrew "Aristocrat" McMahon, Chico Chism, Lafayette "Shorty" Gilbert and the bandleader Eddie Shaw. The album is shorter (a little more than 35 minutes) than whatsoever other he recorded, as a result of his declining wellness.

Personal life [edit]

Burnett was noted for his disciplined approach to his personal finances. Having already achieved a measure out of success in Memphis, he described himself as "the onliest one to drive himself up from the Delta" to Chicago, which he did, in his own car on the Dejection Highway and with $4,000 in his pocket, a rare distinction for a black bluesman of the time. Although functionally illiterate into his forties, Burnett eventually returned to school, first to earn a General Educational Development (GED) diploma and afterwards to report bookkeeping and other business courses to help manage his career.

Burnett met his futurity married woman, Lillie, when she attended one of his performances at a Chicago club. She and her family were urban and educated and were not involved in what was considered the unsavory world of blues musicians. Notwithstanding, he was attracted to her as shortly as he saw her in the audience. He immediately pursued her and won her over. Co-ordinate to those who knew them, the couple remained deeply in dearest until his expiry. Together, they raised two daughters Betty and Barbara, Lillie'south daughters from an earlier human relationship. West Declension rapper Skeme is his great nephew, who was born 14 years later on his decease.[ citation needed ]

After he married Lillie, who was able to manage his professional finances, Burnett was then financially successful that he was able to offering band members not only a decent salary merely benefits such as health insurance; this enabled him to hire his choice of available musicians and go along his band 1 of the all-time around. Co-ordinate to his stepdaughters, he was never financially extravagant (for instance, he drove a Pontiac station railroad vehicle rather than a more expensive, flashy car).[28]

Burnett's wellness began declining in the tardily 1960s. He had several heart attacks and suffered hobbling kidneys in a car accident in 1970. Concerned for his wellness, the bandleader Eddie Shaw limited him to performing 21 songs per concert.

Death [edit]

In January 1976, Burnett checked into the Veterans Assistants Hospital in Hines, Illinois, for kidney surgery. He died of complications from the procedure on January 10, 1976, at the age of 65. He was cached in Oakridge Cemetery, exterior Chicago, in a plot in Section 18, on the east side of the road. His gravestone has an image of a guitar and harmonica etched into information technology.[29]

Legacy [edit]

On September 17, 1994, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 29-cent commemorative postage postage stamp depicting Howlin' Wolf.

Howlin' Wolf Foundation [edit]

The Howlin' Wolf Foundation, a nonprofit corporation organized under the U.s.a. tax code, section 501(c)(3), was established by Bettye Kelly to preserve and extend Howlin' Wolf's legacy. The foundation's mission and goals include the preservation of the blues music genre, scholarships to enable students to participate in music programs, and support for blues musicians and blues programs.[30]

Awards and nominations [edit]

In 1972, Howlin' Wolf was awarded an honorary doctor of arts degree from Columbia College in Chicago.[25]

Grammy Hall of Fame [edit]

A Howlin' Wolf recording of "Smokestack Lightning" was selected for a Grammy Hall of Fame Honor, an award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years erstwhile and have "qualitative or historical significance".[31]

Howlin' Wolf Grammy Award history
Yr Title Genre Characterization Yr inducted
1956 "Smokestack Lightning" Blues (Unmarried) Chess 1999

Rock and Ringlet Hall of Fame [edit]

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed three songs by Howlin' Wolf in its "500 Songs That Shaped Stone and Ringlet.[32]

Yr recorded Championship
1956 "Smokestack Lightning"
1960 "Spoonful"
1961 "The Red Rooster"

The Blues Foundation Awards [edit]

Howlin' Wolf: Blues Music Awards [33]
Year Category Title Result
2004 Historical Dejection Album of the Year The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions Nominated
1995 Reissue Album of the Twelvemonth Ain't Gonna Be Your Domestic dog Nominated
1992 Vintage or Reissue Dejection Album—U.s.a. or Foreign The Chess Box—Howlin' Wolf Winner
1990 Vintage/Reissue (Foreign) Memphis Days Nominated
1989 Vintage/Reissue Anthology (United states) Cadillac Daddy Nominated
1988 Vintage/Reissue Anthology (Strange) Killing Flooring: Masterworks Vol. 5 Winner
1987 Vintage/Reissue Album (United states) Moanin' in the Moonlight Winner
1981 Vintage or Reissue Album (Foreign) More Existent Folk Dejection Nominated

Inductions [edit]

Howlin' Wolf inductions
Year Institution Category Notes
2020 Blues Hall of Fame Classic of Dejection Recording: Anthology The Chess Box—Howlin' Wolf [34]
2012 Memphis Music Hall of Fame Musicians Inaugural class
2003 Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame Blues
1991 Stone and Roll Hall of Fame Early influences
1980 Blues Hall of Fame Musicians

Discography [edit]

Albums [edit]

  • 1959: Moanin' in the Moonlight (Chess) 1951–1958 recordings
  • 1962: Howlin' Wolf (Chess) 1957–1962 recordings
  • 1962: Howling Wolf Sings the Blues (Crown) 1951–1952 recordings
  • 1965: The Real Folk Blues (Chess) 1956–1965 recordings
  • 1967: More Real Folk Dejection (Chess) 1953–1956 recordings
  • 1968: The Super Super Dejection Ring (Chess) with Muddy Waters and Bo Diddley
  • 1969: The Howlin' Wolf Album (Buck Concept)
  • 1971: Message to the Young (Chess)
  • 1971: The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions (Chess)
  • 1972: Chester Burnett a/one thousand/a/ Howlin' Wolf (Chess) 1951–1965 recordings
  • 1972: Alive and Cookin' (Chess)
  • 1973: The Dorsum Door Wolf (Chess)
  • 1974: London Revisited (Chess) split album with Muddy Waters
  • 1975: Modify My Style (Chess) 1958–1966 recordings
  • 1977: The Legendary Dominicus Performers (Charly)
  • 1979: Heart Like Railroad Steel (Memphis & Chicago Blues 1951–57) (Blues Brawl)
  • 1979: Tin't Put Me Out (Chicago 1956–72, Book 2) (Blues Ball)
  • 1984: Muddy & the Wolf (Chess) split album with Muddy Waters
  • 1984: His Greatest Sides, Book One (Chess)
  • 1991: Howlin' Wolf – The Chess Box (Chess)
  • 1991: Howlin' Wolf Rides Again (Flair/Virgin)
  • 1994: Ain't Gonna Be Your Dog: Chess Collectibles, Vol. 2 (Chess)
  • 1997: His Best (Chess); reissued as The Definitive Collection (Geffen)

Singles [edit]

Year Titles (A-side, B-side)
Both sides from same anthology except where indicated 		Label & Cat No. Usa R&B [27] Anthology
1951 "How Many More than Years" Chess 1479 4 Moanin' in the Moonlight
"Moanin' at Midnight" 10
"Riding in the Moonlight"
b/w "Morning at Midnight" 		RPM 333 — Howling Wolf Sings the Blues
"Passing By Blues"
b/w "Crying at Daybreak" (from Howling Wolf Sings the Dejection) 		RPM 340 — Non-album tracks
1952 "The Wolf Is at Your Door"
b/w "Howlin' Wolf Boogie" 		Chess 1497 —
"My Infant Stole Off"
b/w "I Want Your Picture" 		RPM 347 —
"Gettin' Old and Grey"
b/w "Mr. Highway Man" 		Chess 1510 —
"Saddle My Pony"
b/w "Worried All the Time" 		Chess 1515 —
1953 "Oh Blood-red!!"
b/west "My Last Affair" 		Chess 1528 —
"All Night Boogie"
b/west "I Love My Baby" (from More than Real Folk Blues) 		Chess 1557 — Moanin' in the Moonlight
1954 "No Place to Go"
b/w "Rockin' Daddy" (from More Real Folk Dejection) 		Chess 1566 —
"Baby How Long"
b/due west "Evil Is Goin' On" 		Chess 1575 —
"I'll Be Around"
b/w "Forty 4" (from Moanin' in the Moonlight) 		Chess 1584 — More than Real Folk Dejection
1955 "Who Volition Be Adjacent"
b/w "I Have a Trivial Girl" 		Chess 1593 fourteen
"Come to Me Baby"
b/w "Don't Mess with My Babe" 		Chess 1607 — Non-album tracks
1956 "Smokestack Lightning"
b/w "You lot Can't Be Beat" (from More Real Folk Blues) 		Chess 1618 viii Moanin' in the Moonlight
"I Asked for Water"
b/w "And so Glad" (non-album track) 		Chess 1632 8
1957 "Going Dorsum Habitation"
b/w "My Life" 		Chess 1648 — Non-album tracks
"Somebody in My Dwelling"
b/w "Nature" (from The Real Folk Dejection) 		Chess 1668 — Moanin' in the Moonlight
1958 "Sitting on Height of the Earth"
b/west "Poor Male child" 		Chess 1679 — The Real Folk Blues
"I Didn't Know"
b/w "Moanin' for My Infant" (from Moanin' in the Moonlight) 		Chess 1695 — Alter My Way
"I'1000 Leaving You"
b/westward "Modify My Way" (from Modify My Mode) 		Chess 1712 — Moanin' in the Moonlight
1959 "I Improve Go Now"
b/w "Howlin' Blues" 		Chess 1726 — Change My Manner
"I've Been Abused"
b/w "Mr. Airplane Man" 		Chess 1735 —
"The Natchez Burning"
b/westward "You Gonna Wreck My Life" (from More Real Folk Blues) 		Chess 1744 — The Real Folk Dejection
1960 "Tell Me"
b/west "Who'south Been Talking" 		Chess 1750 — Howlin' Wolf
"Spoonful"
b/w "Howlin' for My Darling" 		Chess 1762 —
1961 "Wang-Dang Doodle"
b/w "Back Door Man" 		Chess 1777 —
"Downwards in the Bottom"
b/w "Little Baby" 		Chess 1793 —
"The Red Rooster"
b/w "Milk shake for Me" 		Chess 1804 —
1962 "Yous'll Be Mine"
b/due west "Goin' Downward Slow" 		Chess 1813 —
"I Ain't Superstitious"
b/w "Simply Like I Treat You lot" 		Chess 1823 — Change My Way
"Mama's Baby"
b/west "Exercise the Exercise" (from Change My Mode) 		Chess 1844 — Non-album track
1963 "Three Hundred Pounds of Joy"
b/w "Congenital for Comfort" 		Chess 1870 — The Real Folk Blues
1964 "Subconscious Charms"
b/west "Tail Dragger" (from The Real Folk Blues) 		Chess 1890 — Change My Way
"My Country Sugar Mama"
b/west "Dearest Me Darling" (from Change My Way) 		Chess 1911 — The Real Folk Dejection
1965 "Louise"
b/w "Killing Floor" 		Chess 1923 —
"Tell Me What I've Done"
b/w "Ooh Infant" 		Chess 1928 —
"Don't Express joy at Me"
b/w "I Walked from Dallas" 		Chess 1945 — Change My Way
1966 "New Itch Rex Snake"
b/westward "My Mind Is Ramblin'" 		Chess 1968 —
1967 "Pop Information technology to Me"
b/w "I Had a Dream" 		Chess 2009 — Not-album tracks
1969 "Evil"
b/due west "Tail Dragger" 		Cadet Concept 7013 43 The Howlin' Wolf Album
1970 "Mary Sue"
b/w "Hard Luck" 		Chess 2081 — Non-album tracks
1971 "I Scent a Rat"
b/w "Just As Long" 		Chess 2108 — Bulletin to the Immature
1973 "Coon on the Moon"
b/due west "The Dorsum Door Wolf" 		Chess 2145 — The Dorsum Door Wolf

Sessionography [edit]

Notes [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ Koda, Cub. "Howlin' Wolf – Artist Biography". AllMusic.com . Retrieved Apr 17, 2014.
  2. ^ The Howlin' Wolf Story – The Secret History of Rock & Ringlet.
  3. ^ "The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time". Rolling Stone (946). 2004. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  4. ^ a b Segrest & Hoffman 2004, p. iv
  5. ^ a b c Segrest & Hoffman 2004, p. 5
  6. ^ Oliver 1969, p. 150.
  7. ^ a b c d Segrest & Hoffman 2004, p. 6
  8. ^ Segrest & Hoffman 2004, pp. 6–7
  9. ^ Segrest & Hoffman 2004, p. 8
  10. ^ Segrest & Hoffman 2004, p. 11
  11. ^ Segrest & Hoffman 2004, pp. 11–12
  12. ^ a b Segrest & Hoffman 2004, p. fifteen
  13. ^ a b Segrest & Hoffman 2004, p. 19.
  14. ^ Segrest & Hoffman 2004, p. xx.
  15. ^ Gifford, Barry (1968). "Couldn't Do No Yodeling, And then I Turned to Howlin'." Rolling Stone, August 24, 1968.
  16. ^ Malone, Bill C. (February one, 2014). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 12: Music. UNC Press Books. p. 194. ISBN978-1-4696-1666-7.
  17. ^ Welky, Ali; Keckhaver, Mike (2013). Encyclopedia of Arkansas Music. Academy of Arkansas Press. p. 112. ISBN978-1-935106-threescore-9.
  18. ^ Selvin, Joel (September 14, 1997). "Popular QUIZ -- Q & A With Ike Turner". SFGATE . Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  19. ^ "Howlin' Wolf Interview". The Arhoolie Foundation. April 20, 1967. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  20. ^ "Howlin' Wolf Bio". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015.
  21. ^ a b Humphrey 2007.
  22. ^ Szatmary, David P. (1996). A Fourth dimension to Rock: A Social History of Stone and Ringlet. Schirmer Books. p. 1645. ISBN978-0-02-864670-i.
  23. ^ a b Collis 1998, p. 54.
  24. ^ "Chess, Biharis Skirmish; This Time Over Wolf". Billboard. December 22, 1951. p. 17 – via American Radio History.
  25. ^ a b Sawyers 2012, p. 161.
  26. ^ Hoffman 2012.
  27. ^ a b Whitburn 1988, pp. 197–198.
  28. ^ "Howlin' Wolf – Sun Tape Company". Sunrecords.com . Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  29. ^ Stanton, Scott (September 8, 2003). The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians. Simon and Schuster. ISBN9780743463300 – via Google Books.
  30. ^ "Mission & Goal". Howlinwolffoundation.org. Howlin' Wolf Foundation. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved Apr 17, 2014.
  31. ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Awards". The Recording University. 1999. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  32. ^ "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Curl". Exhibit Highlights. Rock and Curlicue Hall of Fame. 1995. Archived from the original on May ii, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  33. ^ "Awards Search". The Dejection Foundation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved Apr 17, 2014.
  34. ^ Addison (Dec 9, 2019). "NEWS: The Blues Foundation names Blues Hall of Fame 2020 inductees: Bettye LaVette, Syl Johnson, Victoria Spivey, Eddie Boyd, George Smith, Billy Co-operative, Ralph Peer, and more!". Dejection Foundation . Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  35. ^ Segrest & Hoffman 2004, Sessionography.

Explanatory notes [edit]

  1. ^ Segrest & Hoffman 2004, p. 6 speculate various such reasons as Burnett's refusal to work the fields, his rejection of choir music in favor of singing the blues, that the half-Indian Jones thought Burnett was "too dark", and that Jones had met another man who didn't desire Burnett around.

General references [edit]

  • Collis, John (1998). The Story of Chess Records. Bloomsbury The states. ISBN978-i-58234-005-0.
  • Hoffman, Mark (July 18, 2012). "Howlin' Wolf Biography, Part 2". Howlinwolf.com . Retrieved Apr 17, 2014.
  • Humphrey, Mark (2007). The Definitive Drove (liner notes). Howlin' Wolf. Geffen Records/Chess Records. B0008784-02/CHD-9375 BK02.
  • McGlynn, Don (2003). The Howlin' Wolf Story – The Surreptitious History of Rock & Roll (DVD). Bluebird/Arista. 82876-56631-9.
  • Oliver, Paul (1969). The Story of the Blues. Barrie & Jenkins. ISBN3-85445-092-3.
  • Sawyers, June Skinner (2012). Chicago Portraits: New Edition. Northwestern University Printing. ISBN978-0-8101-2649-7.
  • Segrest, James; Hoffman, Mark (2004). Moanin' at Midnight: The Life and Times of Howlin' Wolf. Pantheon Books. ISBN0-375-42246-3.
  • Whitburn, Joel (1988). Superlative R&B Singles 1942–1988. Tape Research. ISBN0-89820-068-seven.

External links [edit]

  • St. Clair, Jeffrey (May 24, 2019). "'The Army Ain't No Place for a Black Human being': How the Wolf Got Caged" (PDF). CounterPunch . Retrieved July 25, 2019.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf

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